2L-3L Upper Level Lesson Topics

The lesson on UCC Warranties explored the various Article 2 warranties and how they are created. But there is also freedom of contract to disclaim those warranties. This lesson explores the requirements for a successful disclaimer of warranties.

A number of the provisions in Article 2 have special rules applicable to merchants, called the “merchant rules.” This lesson explores the definition of merchant in the UCC, key sections in Article 2 that rely on the concept of a merchant, and how different definitions of merchant apply in different provisions of Article 2.

Interpretation involves ascertaining the meaning of the words and provisions of a contract. Article 2 of the UCC is intended not to regulate commercial activity, but to facilitate it. An important part of commerce is business practices in general and in particular, usages of trade and understandings of the parties to the contract. Therefore, this lesson emphasizes those parts of interpretation. For a broader discussion of interpretation in contract law, see the CALI Lesson Interpretation of Contracts.

This lesson is designed to teach you the terms, i.e., the words of art, you will need to understand if you are studying Article 3 of the UCC which governs negotiable instruments.  It may be used as an introduction to these concepts or as a review or reinforcement of them.

This lesson deals with how trademark protection may be lost by abandonment, i.e. the discontinued use of a mark, the licensing of a mark in gross or an assignment of a mark in gross. This lesson is intended to be used as a supplement to the student's course material. It analyzes several issues that arise from the non-use or limited use of a mark, the licensing or assignment of a mark, as well as the considerations that follow the resumption of use of an abandoned mark.

This lesson builds on the concepts that you may have been introduced to in Professor Robert Lind's lesson on the classification of marks, e.g., generic marks, descriptive marks, suggestive marks, arbitrary marks, and fanciful marks. Specifically, this lesson will concentrate on the validity of a mark for trademark protection purposes when the trademark or trade dress is not inherently distinctive.

This lesson was written as a review of the material covered in Chapter 5 of the CALI e-book, Wetlands Law: A Course Source. The lesson reviews whether activities such as landclearing, ditching, draining, sidecasting, and deep ripping are regulated as "discharges" of dredged or fill material, and reviews the relationship between the Clean Water Act section 402 permit program and the Section 404 wetlands permit program.

This lesson examines the scope of one of the exclusive rights belonging to a copyright owner -- the right to create derivative works based on the copyrighted work, under 17 U.S.C. § 106(2).

The purpose of this lesson is to examine how administrative agencies create "rules," particularly in adjudicative contexts. The goal is to contrast so-called "legislative procedures" with "adjudicative procedures," and then to examine the scope and limits of adjudicative authority. The lesson is intended for students who have studied these issues in class and wish to refine their knowledge.

Part I of this lesson is designed to explain why certain types of damage awards must be adjusted to their "present value," and to demonstrate precisely how those adjustments are actually calculated. Part II of this lesson addresses the related concept of adjusting future pecuniary damage awards to account for the potential effects of future economic inflation. 

This lesson deals with the topic of administrative inspections. Governmental officials conduct inspections in a variety of contexts. Some of these inspections are conducted by the police. Others are conducted by special administrative officials charged only with the task of carrying out certain administrative tasks. As we shall see, the United States Supreme Court has developed special rules governing such inspections. In this lesson, we examine those special rules in depth.

Many administrative agencies have their own judicial structures (often referred to as "quasi-judicial" structures). In this lesson, we examine the development of one type of judge used in those structures, the so-called administrative law judge.

This lesson was written as a review of the material covered in Chapter 3 of the CALI e-book, Wetlands Law: A Course Source. The lesson reviews basic principles of administrative law, including the nature of agencies, limits on agency authority, procedural requirements for agency action (rulemaking and adjudication), and basic principles of judicial review of agency action.

This lesson explores the countless "administrative" searches governed by the Fourth Amendment that occur every day without warrants or probable cause, in public schools, jails and prisons, factories and offices, and at vehicle checkpoints and border crossings.

This lesson will cover the general area of adoption law and is designed as an introduction for those students who have not studied the subject and as a review for those students who have.

This lesson reviews the general law of alimony. It focuses on the differences between alimony and property distribution; the gender implications, justifications, eligibility, amount and duration of alimony; and the forms of alimony.

When a preliminary or temporary injunction has been entered against a defendant, and the defendant believes that injunction is wrongfully issued, he has three choices in resisting the injunction: disobey and risk contempt; move to modify or terminate; or appeal. This lesson explores that third option.

This lesson was written as a review of the material covered in Chapter 10 of the CALI e-book Wetlands Law: A Course Source. The lesson reviews the administrative appeals process for Corps' actions implementing Section 404, judicial review of the actions of EPA and the Corps under the Clean Water Act, and federal and citizen enforcement of the Clean Water Act.

This lesson explores the protection of architectural works (building designs) both under the 1976 Copyright Act and after adoption of the Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act of 1990.

This lesson examines the definition of a partnership. It highlights the definition of a partnership and how it differs from the sole proprietorship (the only other business organization that exists without first satisfying formal filing requirements).

This lesson integrates agency law and partnership law to develop an understanding of the authority partners possess to bind the partnership. The lesson explores the actual and apparent authority of partners and the possibility of inherent agency power in the partner context.

This lesson discusses the power that an agent (or apparent agent) has to affect the legal rights of the principal. In general, an agent or apparent agent may affect the principal's legal rights only to the extent that the agent possesses the authority or the power to do so. This lesson provides an introduction to the three basic types of authority -- actual authority, apparent authority, and inherent agency power.

The lesson will review the three most significant automobile search standards: the automobile exception, searches of automobiles incident to arrest, and inventory searches of automobiles.

In the United States, federal laws extensively regulate aircraft, airlines, pilots, and airports. People and companies involved in aviation need to be familiar with these federal laws, as well as state and international regulations that affect aircraft and airlines. The Federal Aviation Administration, the National Transportation Safety Administration, and the Department of Transportation, as well as state laws and international treaties, all play a role in regulating aviation.

This lesson reviews some of the concepts needed to understand the patent law doctrine of "nonobviousness" (Section 103 of the Patent Act). Before completing this lesson students should be familiar with the doctrine of novelty under Section 102 of the Act.

This lesson introduces students to the Federal APA with special emphasis on (1) mapping the relationship of its parts and (2) closely examining the text of the principal sections.

This lesson reviews the standards for discipline and the interpretive case law by examining a series of cases in which considering whether the conduct alleged falls under the definition of misconduct (using Model Rule 8.4). Some procedural and constitutional aspects of discipline are examined as well. The lesson can be used as preparation, review or substitution for class coverage of this topic.

This lesson deals with the problem created by the Battle of the Forms. At common law, the mirror image rule requires an acceptance to be exactly like the offer. The rule is reversed under the Uniform Commercial Code, however. Under UCC § 2-207, an acceptance is still an acceptance even though it states different or additional terms from the offer. This lesson will explore the effect of such different or additional terms and when they are operative.

This exercise is designed to guide the student through the basics of the best evidence/original document rule under the federal rules. The exercise progresses logically through the rule. In order, it looks at the definition of “writing, recording, or photograph,” the concept of proving “content of a writing,” the definition of “original” and “duplicate,” proof of “collateral” matters, material in possession of the opposite party, computer printouts, compilations, secondary evidence (Is there a “second best evidence” rule?), and the division of function between the judge and jury.

This exercise is designed to introduce the student to the "bottom line" defense rejected by the Supreme Court in Connecticut v. Teal. You should have an understanding of Teal before you start this lesson.

Here, this exercise explores the circumstances of disparate impact claims and affirmative action programs under which the "bottom line" defense usually arises and the arguments involved. The use of "bottom line" evidence, sometimes used in disparate treatment litigation, is also explained and distinguished. Some understanding of basic discrimination theory (disparate treatment and disparate impact) is helpful in understanding the lesson.

This lesson introduces the federal and state securities laws regulating business finance. The lesson is designed for students taking Business Associations or Corporations, so the coverage is fairly basic; this lesson is not intended to be used by Securities Regulation students.

This lesson is intended to familiarize students with the Business Judgment Rule, an essential component of corporate governance.

This lesson is the first of two designed to familiarize you with aspects of shareholders' derivative litigation and the role played by the business judgment rule. This lesson focuses on demand upon the board of directors. In most states, shareholders are required to make demand upon the board of directors before they can proceed with a derivative suit. The board's response to that demand is reviewed under the business judgment rule. This lesson will take you through the operation of the rule at this critical stage in derivative litigation.

This lesson focuses on the Special Litigation Committee. It is recommended that you complete the first lesson (The Business Judgment Rule in Shareholder Derivative Litigation I: Demand Upon the Board) before beginning this one.

This exercise introduces users to the principal provisions of the California Probate Code which governs intestacy. It also illustrates the application of those provisions to typical fact situations. The exercise explores inheritance by descendants, ancestors and collateral heirs in the context of both separate, community and quasicommunity property. Finally, the program explores subsidiary problems of inheritance such as the rights of posthumous heirs, adopted heirs, illegitimate children, foster-children, the slayer of the decedent and the treatment of the simultaneous death problem.

CANINE (The Complete Article Nine) is a unique set of learning materials designed to assist both law students and lawyers to be effective Article 9 practitioners. It consists of a comprehensive collection of text and interactive problems modeled after a conventional casebook or treatise.

Download a printable PDF of the book chapters (excludes the problems): PDF.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 3 (The Nature of Secured Credit under Article 9), but also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are to be used with CANINE Chapter 4 (Scope of Article 9), but they may be used alone also.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are to be used with Chapter 5 (Classification of Collateral), but also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended for use with CANINE Chapter 6 (Choice of Law), but also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 7 (Creating an Enforceable Article 9 Security Interest), but also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 8 (The Specifics of Enforceability -- A Security Agreement Authenticated by the Debtor or Its Legal Equivalent), but also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are to be used with CANINE Chapter 9 (Specifics of Enforceability -- After-acquired Collateral, Future Advances, Transferred Collateral and Proceeds, and the New Debtor Problem), but they also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 10 (The Need for Value and Debtor's Rights in the Collateral), but they also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 11 (Enforceability in Consumer Transactions), but they may also be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 12 (Perfection Generally), but they also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 13 (Overview of Perfection by Filing), but they also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 14 (The Nitty Gritty of Filing), but they also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended for use with CANINE Chapter 15 (Perfection by Possession), but they also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended for use with CANINE Chapter 16 (Perfecting Security Interests in Proceeds and Other Later-Acquired Property), but also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 17 (Perfection as to Goods Subject to Certificate of Title Legislation), but they also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 18 (Perfection by Doing Nothing -- Automatic Perfection), but also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 19 (Perfection Pursuant To Federal Law), but also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 20 (Perfecting Security Interests in Fixtures and Other Real Estate Related Collateral), but they also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 21 (Perfection As To Investment Property), but they also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 22 (Perfection as to Deposit Accounts, Letter of Credit Rights and Electronic Chattel Paper), but they also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 23 (Continuing Perfection -- The Need to Reperfect (or Refile), but also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 24 (Continuous Perfection -- Changes as to the Use of the Collateral or the Location of the Collateral or the Debtor; Security Interests in Proceeds), but they also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 25 (The How and Why of Priority), but also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 26 (Secured Party Versus Lien Creditor and Trustee in Bankruptcy), but they also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 27 (Secured Party Versus Buyer), but they also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 28 (Secured Party Versus Secured Party), but also may be used alone. Chapter 29 continues the treatment of priority disputes between and among secured parties.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 29 (Secured Party Versus Secured Party Continued), but they also may be used alone. Problem Set 28 also deals with disputes between and among secured parties.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 30 (Secured Party Versus Trustee in Bankruptcy), but they also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 31 (Secured Party Versus Statutory Liens Including Federal Tax Liens), but also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 32 (Fixtures Priorities), but also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 33 (Secured Party's Options on Default), but they also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 34 (Getting Possession of the Collateral), but they also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 35 (Disposition of Collateral), but may also be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 36 (Acceptance in Full or Partial Satisfaction of the Debt), but they also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 37 (Foreclosure as to Intangibles), but they also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 38 (Remedies for a Secured Party's Failure to Comply with Article 9), but they also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

These interactive problems are intended to be used with CANINE Chapter 39 (Enforcing Security Interests in Bankruptcy), but they also may be used alone.

To see the entire textbook - CANINE: Complete Article Nine, click here.

This lesson teaches the Capital Asset Pricing Model. It begins by discussing risk and its control by diversification, and how betas measure the risk of diversified portfolios.

The lesson is designed to guide the student through the CAPM in detail as part of a Corporate Finance or Mergers & Acquisitions course. In courses that do not cover the CAPM in detail, such as Business Association courses or Securities Regulation, this lesson can be used as further study or for skimming.

This exercise deals with attack and support of the character of parties, victims, and witnesses; the use of reputation and opinion testimony as character evidence; and the admissibility of other crimes, wrongs, or acts as evidence falling outside the general ban on character evidence.

This exercise helps you to learn how to characterize a remedy as legal or equitable. This is a significant characterization, as many important substantive and procedural rights can turn on this characterization. This lesson is probably best studied in conjunction with a course in Equity or Remedies, though one can use the lesson for independent self study of the topic. You may want to study the CALI lessons History of Equity and Equitable Remedies - An Overview first. By the end of this lesson, you should be able to identify the characteristics of equity.

This lesson explores issues relating to the United States Supreme Court's landmark decision in Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984).

This lesson is intended to be used as both an introduction to Child Custody Jurisdiction and as a review for students who have already studied the material.

This lesson explores the standards for modifying child custody orders and the policies underlying same. It is an introductory lesson and assumes an understanding of the issues involved in making an initial custody decree. This lesson should be worked, for review and reinforcement, after the topic has been covered in class. The lesson may also serve as a substitute for covering this topic in class, as long as the student has covered the more general topic of initial custody decision making. The lesson does not cover interstate jurisdiction or relocation (moving the child out of the jurisdiction). Those topics are covered in other lessons. 

This lesson reviews the guidance provided to attorneys by the Model Rules of Professional Conduct on selecting, rejecting or withdrawing from the representation of clients. The Model Rules studied in particular are Rules 1.16 and 6.2. Each section can be studied separately.

This lesson is second in a series that takes a look at formation of agreements governed by the U.N. Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG). The CISG provides a uniform set of rules for international sales contracts where the parties are located in different signatory countries. There are 11 separate provisions on contract formation under the CISG. This lesson sets out the basic requisites for determining whether an offer exists, when it is accepted and how to address a battle of the forms if the CISG applies. The general attributes of domestic contracts and other CISG contracts are covered in other lessons.

This lesson is third in a series that takes a look at performance of agreements governed by the U.N. Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG). The CISG provides a uniform set of rules for international sales contracts where the parties are located in different signatory countries.

This lesson is first in a series that takes a look at the basics of agreements governed by the U.N. Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG). The CISG provides a uniform set of rules for international sales contracts where the parties are located in different signatory countries. While some of the rules parallel those under the common law and Article 2 of the U.C.C., many are different. This lesson sets out the basic requisites for determining when the CISG applies and evaluating contracts governed by the CISG. The general attributes of domestic contracts and CISG contracts are covered in other lessons.

This exercise provides a comprehensive review of federal environmental citizen suits, focusing on the citizen suit provision of the Clean Water Act. The student is presented with a series of hypothetical violations of the Clean Water Act and is asked questions regarding whether judicial review is available under the citizen suit provision of the Act for those violations, the jurisdictional or procedural limits that are placed on review, and limits on the type of relief that is available.

This lesson considers the special classification issues associated with pensions, professional licenses and goodwill, personal injury and workers' compensation awards, and life insurance. The student should have a general understanding of the distinction between marital and separate property before working this lesson. The lesson can be used as an introduction to or review of the materials covered. It also works well as an independent lesson.

This lesson will introduce you to the technology-based emissions limitations for the criteria air pollutants that apply to stationary sources regulated under the Clean Air Act.

This lesson will introduce you to the technology-based emissions limitations that apply to stationary sources regulated under the Clean Air Act that emit hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). It can act as an introduction to the subject, or you can use this lesson as part of your review of Clean Air Act stationary source regulations at the end of your studies of the Clean Air Act or before your final exam.

This lesson can serve as either a comprehensive introduction to, or a comprehensive review of, the elements of Clean Water Act jurisdiction. It refers to cases that you may have studied in your Environmental Law course, but knowledge of the cases is not required in order to complete the lesson.

This lesson is an introduction to the types of Clean Water Act permits, the terms of a permit, and the effect of a permit. It can function either as an initial introduction to this subject or as a review of material covered in class.

This lesson reviews problems in client identification. The lesson is in the form of a game show CLIENT OR NOT?! in which students are presented with an individual who is claiming to be a client. The student may choose the type of liability/responsibility they wish to risk in giving their answer (Competence, Confidentiality or Conflict of Interest). They then will be asked under the circumstances raising that issue whether the individual is a client. Students may proceed through the entire lesson reviewing client identification under one or all of these three issues.

Climate change is the major emerging environmental law problem of the 21st century. However, understanding the legal issues surrounding climate change, both internationally and domestically, will be easier if you have a basic comprehension of what climate change is.

This lesson looks at the international framework for addressing climate change mitigation, as established in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its protocols.

This lesson is the third in the climate change series. It is designed to introduce students to the concept of climate change adaptation -- that is, the processes whereby humans respond to the ecological changes that climate change is causing.

As of the beginning of 2010, Congress had not enacted comprehensive federal legislation to address climate change. Nevertheless, a number of plaintiffs--mostly non-governmental organizations, or NGOs--have been using litigation to attempt to educate the public and prompt effective responses.

This lesson tries to explain Coasean irrelevance (which is often known as the "Coase Theorem").

Cohabitants may litigate to obtain property, support, a share of an estate, or for derivative benefits such as wrongful death or survivor's benefits. This lesson reviews theories of recovery for cohabiting couples who were not formally married. The lesson explores contract, quasi-contract and equitable theories of recovery such as constructive and resulting trusts, quantum meruit, promissory estoppel and implied contract. Note that not all states allow all remedies reviewed in this lesson.

This lesson explores the Lanham Act provisions governing federal registration of collective marks and certification marks.

This lesson focuses on issues related to the commencement of legislative rulemaking proceedings. Accordingly, it focuses on how such proceedings are commenced and by whom. It also focuses on rules that are exempt from rulemaking requirements. This lesson is intended for students who have studied these issues in class and wish to refine and further their knowledge.

Focusing on the Clean Water Act and the Endangered Species Act, this lesson gives a brief overview of the ways in which federal environmental and natural resources law can raise issues regarding the federal government's constitutional authority to regulate pursuant to the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution. In particular, it looks at the possible limitations on the federal government's Commerce Clause authority as a result of the U.S. Supreme Court's 1995 decision in United States v. Lopez and as a result of federalism and land use considerations.

This lesson covers characterization of commingled property at divorce. It covers tracing, transmutation, differentiation between income and passive appreciation and other rules regarding characterization of commingled property as marital or separate.

This lesson deals with the "committed to agency discretion" exception to judicial review. Under the federal Administrative Procedure Act, courts tend to assume that administrative action is subject to review. However, there are several situations when courts will decline to exercise their review authority. One of those situations is the subject of this lesson: when administrative action has been committed to agency discretion by law.

The goal of this lesson is to introduce you to the basics of conducting company and industry research. Company research is the process of gathering information about a specific company. Once you have information about a company, you may need to know how that company is faring within its industry. Companies within an industry can be compared to one another, or an analysis of the industry itself can be done to see how it is performing.

This is the first in a series of lessons on the topic of "Compensatory Damages." It is designed as an "Introduction" to the overall concept of "compensatory damages" as well as to the key terminologies that are typically associated with these types of damages. For beginning students, this Lesson should be completed first, before proceeding to any other Lessons that address more complex damages issues, as it contains a thorough presentation of the various terminologies and concepts that are unique to this specialized area of the law.

This lesson was written as a review of the material covered In Chapter 7 of the CALI e-book, Wetlands Law: A Course Source. The lesson reviews the compensatory mitigation requirements for Section 404 permits.

This lesson deals with a topic more commonly known as alimony, spousal support, or maintenance. Its focus is Chapter 5 of the American Law Institute Principles of the Law of Family Dissolution. This is an introductory lesson. It assumes you have spent little or no time discussing this material in class.

This lesson addresses the protection afforded to compilations (including collective works) under United States copyright law.

This lesson will introduce you to the concept of Gross Income, usually the first concept students encounter in their study of the Federal income tax system. This lesson will also discuss certain exclusions, deductions and other concepts encountered in the calculation of Gross Income. This lesson will be useful to the novice student as it introduces the student to the typical analysis tax lawyers engage in.

Students are given hypothetical fact situations and asked whether the testimony offered would be hearsay. The exercise provides practice in applying the concept that an utterance is hearsay if it is offered to show the truth of matters asserted therein.

This lesson explores the constitutional rules requiring confrontation of hearsay declarants in criminal prosecutions, with special emphasis on Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004), and its progeny.

This lesson explores some of the rules surrounding police searches based on a citizen's consent. Students will be able to critically examine the law and the policies that permit consent searches under certain circumstances.

This lesson discusses the role of federal preemption in the implementation of environmental law. Specifically, when do federal environmental and natural resources statutes preempt, or displace, state laws on similar subjects? When are states free to enact their own environmental protections? What is the relationship between federal environmental law and state torts?

This lesson is intended as an overview of Constitutional Law principles that are important in Family Law. It can be used at the beginning of the Family Law course as a refresher of Constitutional Law. It can also be used during the course to clarify general constitutional doctrine. This lesson is related to two other lessons regarding constitutional aspects of Family Law.

The purpose of this lesson is to review basic doctrines and theories of individual rights covered in Constitutional Law courses. The lesson covers the Due Process Clause, the Equal Protection Clause, and the First Amendment, as they apply in the Family Law context.

This lesson is an examination of the constitutional law aspects of Family Law. It builds upon lessons which provide a review of Constitutional Law in the Family Law context, but is much more detailed. It is intended as a supplement and review of constitutional doctrine as it occurs in specific Family Law areas such as marriage, divorce, parenting, procreation, sexuality, the rights of minors, and end-of life issues.

This lesson provides a review of the constitutional requirements for standing in federal courts that citizen plaintiffs must fulfill in order to bring environmental citizen suits in the federal courts.

This lesson provides an overview of both criminal and civil contempt. It includes both direct and indirect contempt, as well as compensatory civil contempt and coercive civil contempt. It covers the differences among these types of contempt in their function and procedures and explores why it is important to distinguish among them.

This lesson examines the two types of secondary liability in copyright law -- contributory infringement and vicarious liability. Before attempting this lesson, students should be familiar with the exclusive rights that belong to a copyright owner, and should understand the concept of direct infringement. Note: This lesson was written while the Supreme Court was still considering MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., cert. granted, 125 S. Ct. 686 (2004), the outcome of which may alter the standard for contributory infringement.

This lesson will introduce you to the GNU/Linux operating system and its interaction with Copyright Law.

This lesson gives the basics of copyright and trademark research, including historical background, statutes, regulations, cases, secondary sources, international materials, and current awareness tools.

This lesson deals with copyright duration, an arcane, technical and somewhat laborious subject that is not always covered in depth in copyright law or intellectual property law courses.

This lesson covers some of the basic formalities of copyright: notice, registration, and deposit. Attention is given to changes wrought by the 1976 Act and the Berne Convention Implementation Act.

Copyright Law may seem shrouded in mystery: how can you create, transfer, and protect property interests in something intangible? This lesson provides an overview of how it is done, focusing on copyright protection for music. This focus takes advantage of the multimedia capacity of the program; for example, you can listen to two musical works to determine whether one infringes the other, and you can listen to the parody version of "Pretty Woman" that figured in a decision of the United States Supreme Court.

This lesson introduces the user to the copyright issues that pertain to sound recordings.

This lesson focuses on state corporation law restrictions on distributions to shareholders. It does not cover restrictions on distributions arising from other sources, such as contractual restrictions, the law of fraudulent conveyance, or federal bankruptcy law.

This lesson examines a subset of the fiduciary obligations of directors and officers--their duty of loyalty to the corporation--the Corporate Opportunity Doctrine.

This lesson will review general principles of custody disputes including terminology and factors used in resolving custody disputes. Separate lessons will cover custody jurisdiction, modification, and visitation.

The definition and location of customary international law is a difficult research task. This lesson begins by defining customary international law and placing customary international law into context through historical examples. Two research strategies for locating custom will be introduced. The first strategy is to locate pre-defined custom using a source that discusses state practice that has risen to the level of custom. The second and more complex strategy involves searching directly for evidence of customary international law.

This lesson covers the basic and specific measures of damages recoverable for tortious injuries to the interest in use and enjoyment of personal property. Students will be acquainted with conceptual and pragmatic problems of valuing the interest in use and enjoyment of personal property.

This lesson deals with basic and specific measures of damages recoverable in torts for harms to the interest in maintaining the physical integrity of personal property. Invasions of this interest are distinct from invasions of the interest in exclusive possession and the interest in use and enjoyment, and the law of damages reflects the differences. In order to deal effectively with the differences, separate lessons treat the interests in possession and use and enjoyment. The substance of causes of action available in torts for recovering damages is not treated here.

This lesson covers basic and specific measures of damages recoverable for tortious invasions of the interest in exclusive possession of personal property.

The student will be presented with concrete situations in which to consider application of rules and concepts of the law of damages. Analytically, invasions of the interest are separated into permanent deprivations and temporary deprivations and the different rules applicable to the two different contexts are explored.

This lesson deals with basic principles and measures of damages recoverable for harms to real property. The analysis to which students will be acquainted examines the harms in the context of three categories of interests to be protected by the law of damages. Those categories, which are separately treated in the lesson, are exclusive possession, physical integrity and use and enjoyment.

This lesson covers the common law rules and various statutory approaches governing recovery of damages for injuries resulting in death. Questions and problems in the lesson consider the circumstances under which and the extent to which damages are available to protect the interests of persons who die as a result of tortious injuries and the interests of the survivors of those persons.

This lesson covers the general principles and basic measures governing the remedy of damages for personal injuries. It explores issues and problems that confront a person seeking the damages remedy to address tortiously-inflicted physical harm.

This lesson is part 2 in a series examining dangerous dog laws and their interaction with the Fourteenth Amendment's procedural due process requirement, specifically void-for-vagueness challenges. This lesson does not require any prior knowledge of animal laws or dangerous dog laws. While some general knowledge of due process might be helpful, it is not necessary or required.

This lesson examines dangerous dog laws and their interaction with the Fourteenth Amendment's procedural due process requirement. It is the final lesson in a series of three examining this part of the law. This lesson does not require any prior knowledge of animal laws or dangerous dog laws. While some general knowledge of due process might be helpful, it is not necessary or required.

This lesson examines remedial options in defamation litigation. Included within the scope of this lesson are the remedies of injunctions and damages. These remedies are examined from both a common law and constitutional perspective. This lesson is designed for students who have studied this material in class and wish to refine and develop their knowledge.

The student plays the role of a lawyer in a hypothetical criminal trial. As the trial progresses the student is faced with various problems raising issues under the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct and the ABA Standards for Criminal Justice. The lesson asks what should be done in each situation and responds to the student’s answer by commenting upon it, asking further questions, or progressing further with the trial.

This lesson was revised in accordance with the Model Rules of Conduct, as amended through August 2003.

This lesson is designed to help students understand the term "search" as it is used under the Fourth Amendment. As we shall see, the term is a term of art which does not always correspond to popular conceptions or definitions of the term search. In this lesson, we explore the various facets and definitions of the term. This lesson is intended for students who have studied these issues in class and who would like to refine their knowledge.

In this lesson, "The Definition of Hearsay and the Federal Rules Part I: Substantive Rules and Hearsay Dangers" the focus is on basic, non-controversial distinctions between hearsay and non-hearsay, which should be correct in any jurisdiction.

This lesson is part of another CALI lesson "The Definition of Hearsay and the Federal Rules." That lesson was divided into three parts for students who wish to cover the material in smaller modules. This lesson builds on material covered in the first module, "The Definition of Hearsay and the Federal Rules Part 1: Substantive Rules and Hearsay Dangers" and prepares the student for material covered in the final module, "The Definition of Hearsay and the Federal Rules Part 3: Hearsay Arguments."

This lesson is part of another CALI lesson "The Definition of Hearsay and the Federal Rules." That lesson was divided into three parts for students who wish to cover the material in smaller modules. This lesson builds on the material covered in the first two modules, "The Definition of Hearsay and the Federal Rules Part 1: Substantive Rules and Hearsay Dangers" and "The Definition of Hearsay and the Federal Rules Part 2: Statements and What They Assert."

This lesson will familiarize students with the "Unocal Doctrine", a standard of judicial review under Delaware law. The Unocal doctrine applies to a board's defensive conduct when opposing a hostile takeover and attempting to prevent a change of corporate control.

This lesson will familiarize students with the "Revlon" and "Blasius" doctrines, standards of judicial review under Delaware law. The Revlon doctrine applies to board actions taken when a change of control or sale of the corporation is inevitable. The Blasius doctrine applies when a board has acted with the primary purpose of interfering with a shareholder vote.

This lesson examines the so-called "deliberative process privilege" (DPP) (a/k/a, "predecisional and deliberative privilege"). The DPP is a variant of Executive Privilege, and is applied to protect the confidentiality of administrative communications in various contexts. This lesson is intended for students who have studied the DPP in class, and who wish to refine and expand their knowledge.

This lesson is a review of the duty to support children and the growing federal role in determining child support.

This lesson provides an analysis of the levels of distinctiveness and the requirements for the determination of whether a term chosen as a mark is inherently distinctive, must yet acquire distinctiveness, or is incapable of trademark protection regardless of distinctiveness. The lesson is intended as a review of material that is covered early in a Trademark Law course.

This lesson focuses on distribution of property that has already been identified and valued. Before beginning the lesson students should have a general understanding of the differences between common law and community property systems. They should also be aware of the basic distinction between marital and separate property. This lesson may be used either as an introduction to the distribution of property at divorce or as a refresher that tests a student's understanding of this subject.

This lesson provides an introduction to one of the Copyright Act's section 106 exclusive rights, the distribution right.

This lesson introduces the doctrine of equivalents, which permits a finding of patent infringement where the accused structure or process does not literally infringe, but differs only insubstantially from the claimed structure or process.

In this lesson, you will learn about the application of the Double Jeopardy Clause to criminal prosecutions. You will consider such topics as the attachment of jeopardy, the definition of "same offense," and the dual sovereignty doctrine.

This exercise reviews some substantive principles of contract law and demonstrates the application of that substance to the process of drafting. The exercise begins with a form contract that the user must rewrite to suit the needs of the client. On completion, the user has reviewed applicable principles from both the common law and the U.C.C. In addition, the user has learned principles of drafting that can be applied either to revision of a form or to drafting from scratch.

A large percentage of litigation arising out of contracts results from poor drafting. In order to eliminate this litigation, it is imperative that students and legal professionals master good drafting skills. One of the most important aspects of drafting a contract is the operative language--language that affects legal relationships. This lesson is designed to introduce law students to operative language commonly used in drafting contracts, in particular, language of obligation (shall), language of authorization (may) and language of condition precedent (must).

This lesson covers the historical evolution of Congress's authority to enact legislation pursuant to the Commerce Clause. Congress's contemporary Commerce Clause authority is covered in a separate lesson.

This lesson explores the many uses of the doctrine of election of remedies. Students will discover that attorneys will invoke the doctrine of election of remedies to enforce statutory or contractual exclusivity of remedy; to require plaintiffs to be bound by their intentional choice; to protect defendants from prejudice due to their detrimental reliance on plaintiff's actions; to eliminate double recovery for the same wrong; or to eliminate splitting and relitigation of claims. By working through the problems in this lesson, students will become familiar with the many different purposes of the doctrine and recognize the overlap with other remedial doctrines, such as waiver, estoppel, laches, and res judicata.

This exercise is designed for use in conjunction with any Federal Courts, Federal Jurisdiction, or Civil Rights course that covers the Eleventh Amendment. The exercise takes the student through attempts to bring a federal lawsuit to rectify substandard conditions at a home for the mentally ill.

When an employer breaches an employment contract, the employee might seek any of several different types of remedies. In general, it will be difficult (if not impossible) for the employee to obtain injunctive relief against the employer. As a result, most of the litigation focuses on damages and the level of recovery that an employee might obtain against a breaching employer. This lesson focuses on the employee damage remedy, and is intended for students who have studied these issues in class and wish to refine their knowledge.

This lesson focuses on employee injunctive remedies against an employer. The issues raised by this lesson arise in a variety of different contexts, involving both low-level employees and famous individuals. They also involve various types of injunctive requests (e.g., attempts to enforce contracts, as well as for defamation). This lesson is intended for students who have studied these issues in class and wish to refine their knowledge.

This lesson examines the creation of the employer/employee relationship (formerly master/servant relationship) in agency law and contrasts that relationship with the status of independent contractor. The lesson provides an opportunity to think about why the distinction is important and how to tell whether a given relationship rises to the level of being an employer/employee relationship or is merely an independent contractor relationship.

This lesson deals with issues related to an employer's damage remedies for breach of an employment contract. As we shall see, employers might be able to claim various types of remedies depending on the circumstances and context. This lesson is intended for students who have studied these issues in class and wish to expand and refine their knowledge.

This lesson deals with issues relating to an employer's ability to use injunctive remedies against an employee who breaches a contract. In addition to examining issues relating to affirmative and negative specific performance, it also examines covenants not to compete. The lesson is intended for students who have studied these issues in class and wish to refine their knowledge.

This lesson is a review of child support enforcement at both the state and federal levels.

This is the first in a series of three lessons on limited liability companies. It provides a comparative overview of unincorporated entities such as sole proprietorships, partnerships, and limited liability companies (LLCs), and incorporated entities including S and C corporations.

This lesson was written as a review of the material covered in Chapter 8 of the CALI e-book, Wetlands Law: A Course Source. The lesson reviews EPA's role in the section 404 permitting process and EPA's veto authority.

This lesson covers the defense of laches to an equitable action. Students will learn when the defense applies, the elements necessary to establish the defense, and how courts consider the defense. Students will also learn to distinguish laches from the related defenses of Estoppel and the Statute of Limitations.

In this lesson, we examine the concept of equitable discretion and gain insight into equitable precedent on the subject. This lesson was designed for use by students who have completed study of this topic in their basic remedies class, and want to further refine and expand their understanding of the concept.

This lesson looks at the courts' intervention with the abuse of separateness that mostly we associate with piercing the corporate veil. Courts intervene to circumvent separateness using three doctrines: lender liability, veil piercing, and equitable consolidation in bankruptcy.

This lesson will cover the remedy known as the Accounting for Profits. Frequently, this remedy is not covered extensively in the classroom setting, probably because the accounting for profits often accompanies other remedies which receive greater attention. Consequently, this lesson is designed to provide basic coverage of this remedial option. Another lesson, "Equitable Protection of Restitution: The Constructive Trust and Equitable Lien" is recommended. Taken together, students will learn when each form of relief is available, the advantages and disadvantages that each form offers and, when the choice is available, the strategic implications of choosing one form over another.

This lesson will cover two of the most powerful equitable remedies, the Constructive Trust and the Equitable Lien. This lesson is intended to supplement your classroom study of these remedial tools, and to explore their utility more deeply. Another lesson, "Equitable Protection of Restitution: The Accounting for Profits," is recommended. Taken together, students will learn when each form of relief is available, the advantages and disadvantages that each form offers and, when the choice is available, the strategic implications of choosing one form over another.

This exercise gives a basic overview of the types of equitable remedies. You need not have read any particular materials or taken any particular law school courses in order to complete the tutorial. It can be used to provide background in your courses where equity is especially relevant or to review the types of equitable remedies for use in a remedies course.

This lesson will introduce you to, or allow you to review, the major provisions of the Federal Endangered Species Act: section 4, 16 U.S.C. section 1533, which governs listings of endangered and threatened species; section 7, 16 U.S.C. section 1536, which imposes obligations on Federal agencies to protect endangered and threatened species; and section 9, 16 U.S.C. section 1538, which prohibits all persons from "taking" or trading in endangered and threatened species.

This lesson reviews an attorney's responsibilities when setting, sharing and collecting fees. By the end of the lesson, students should be able to identify how much, by what method, and under what circumstances they can charge fees from clients, share fees with others, and take actions to collect fees.

This lesson provides an overview of the history and structure of the European Union, followed by an introduction to researching European Union documents, specifically EU treaties, regulations, directives, and opinions of the European Court of Justice. The European Union is a truly unique structure which represents over half a century of cooperation between select nations.

This lesson gives an overview of the basics of the European Union's trademark system. The emphasis is on issues of registration and infringement. It often uses a comparative approach, with the U.S. system as a foil. It takes users through both the national systems (via the Trademark Harmonization Directive) and the Community Trademark system. Familiarity with U.S. trademark law is assumed.

This lesson explores the exceptions to an attorney's ethical duty of confidentiality that are designed to protect third persons from death, injury or financial loss. The lesson examines these exceptions as expressed by the American Bar Association's Model Rules of Professional Conduct and notes some of the variations on these rules found among the states.

This lesson will discuss the Exclusionary Rule, the circumstances under which it may be raised, and two important exceptions to its use -- the Impeachment Exception and the Leon Good Faith Exception.

This exercise helps users understand the requirements of the Uniform Probate Code for the execution and revocation of testamentary instruments such as wills and codicils. It looks at the requirements for both attested written wills and holographic wills in the context of hypothetical estates. It explores the rights of pretermitted heirs. This lesson was revised to reflect the 2008 Amendments.

This lesson focuses on the presidential version of executive privilege. The lesson examines the justifications for the privilege, the requirements for its invocation, and judicial handling of that privilege. The lesson is intended for students who have studied this privilege in class, and who wish to further refine their understanding of the topic.

Executory contracts behave idiosyncratically in bankruptcy. They may be assets or liabilities, depending on their terms. Understanding their treatment by the bankruptcy code and the courts is key.

This lesson explores the circumstances under which and reasons why courts will dispense with the requirement for a search warrant.

This exercise applies hypotheticals to situations involving expert witnesses. Analysis relies primarily on the Federal Rules of Evidence. Expert testimony in both civil and criminal contexts is covered, as the exercise consists of two trials: the first is a civil case, the second a criminal prosecution.

The goal of this lesson is to take the user systematically through UCC Article 2. The lesson accomplishes this goal by having the user study a contract for the sale of goods. The concepts of Article 2 are thereby seen in the practical setting in which they are applied. Conversely, study of the contract reveals the source of each of the included provisions in the law. The user becomes familiar with the default rules and how those rules might be changed on behalf of a client. The user finishes with knowledge of the Code and how the Code may be applied in practice when drafting a contract.

This lesson explores the application of the fair use doctrine, a defense to copyright infringement, in the special context of parody, based on the guidance provided by the Supreme Court in Campbell v. Acuff Rose Music, 510 U.S. 569 (1994). The lesson builds on the foundation established in CALI Lesson CPY08, Fundamentals of Fair Use, using a series of hypotheticals and a final essay.

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is not normally associated with aviation jurisdiction other than perhaps the issuance of radiotelephone station/operator licenses. However, the FCC is an independent Federal Agency which has been entitled by Congress to regulate and enforce a broad range of aviation matters.

This exercise is the counterpart of The Definition of Hearsay and the Federal Rules, which covers the definition of hearsay under Federal Rules of Evidence 801(a)-(c). The new exercise includes graphic reviews of each subsection of 801(d), and graphic illustrations of multiple hearsay, as well as interactive flowcharts for the subsections of 801(d). The program lends itself to use by students who either (i) want a relatively quick-review, with detailed work limited to those issues they find troublesome or (ii) want to review each relevant section of the rules in some detail.

This lesson explores section 2 of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1052, which prohibits certain types of trademarks from being registered on the Principal Register of the PTO, regardless of whether those marks are protectible under state law or under section 43 of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125.

The classic rhetoric of Cardozo in Meinhard v. Salmon hides a delicate economic intuition justifying broad fiduciary obligations. This lesson parses closely the text of the dissent and the majority to recognize the idiosyncratic facts that make this a pivotal case. The focus is on the economic ramifications of Cardozo's choice.

This lesson reviews the basic components of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). It works best as a review of materials covered in a Hazardous Waste or Toxic Torts class, but it can also serve as an introduction to the statute.

In this lesson, you will learn about the International Court of Justice, one of the principal organs of the United Nations. After an introduction to the Court, you'll learn about some of the print reporters of the Court's decisions and online sources for these opinions. Finally, there will be a discussion of print and online digests of the Court's decisions.

This lesson discusses the requirement that a work be "fixed in a tangible medium of expression" as a condition to obtaining copyright protection. Although it assumes a basic familiarity with copyright law and terminology, it is designed to stand alone. It can, therefore, be used either as an introduction to the fixation requirement or as a review of those concepts after a class discussion.

This lesson explores how trademark law deals with two specific categories of marks: foreign (non-English) words and people's names. It addresses their ability to function as marks as well as how they should be assessed when determining infringement. The lesson assumes a working familiarity with the "distinctiveness" requirement, the fair use doctrine, and the likelihood of confusion test for infringement.

This lesson introduces you to the so-called "formal" process for making administrative rules and regulations. Under the federal Administrative Procedure Act, there are two separate and distinct processes for making rules: the "informal" process and the "formal" process. In a prior lesson, we examined the informal process. This lesson examines the formal process in greater detail. The lesson is designed for students who have studied these issues in class and who wish to refine their knowledge and understanding of the issues.

This lesson deals with the formation of contracts under Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code (excluding § 2-207 issues). Under UCC § 2-204, a contract can be formed in any manner sufficient to show agreement, even if the parties leave open terms. This lesson will explore the effect of the difference in formation between common law and Article 2.

This exercise covers these four, most commonly used, specific exceptions to the Hearsay rule: 1) Present sense impressions; 2) Excited utterances; 3) State of Mind; and 4) Business records. The student will be applying these four exceptions in the context of scenarios presenting hypotheticals. The student's goal in this lesson is to work with the four exceptions, to gain a basic understanding of them with a focus on those fundamentals and problem areas identified in the FRE's Advisory Committee's Notes, recent judicial decisions, and legal commentators.

This lesson is designed to introduce students to the Fourth Amendment prohibition against "unreasonable searches and seizures." The goal is to provide students with an overview of the history of the Fourth Amendment, as well as an introduction to the warrant requirement and the concept of warrantless searches. The lesson is intended for students who have studied these issues in class, and wish to refine their knowledge.

This exercise is intended for students who have studied this issue in class, and wish to refine and apply what they have learned. It includes several essay questions, along with their model answers.

The lesson covers the 2014 Uniform Voidable Transactions Act (a slightly amended Uniform Fraudulent Transfers Act) and section 548 of the Bankruptcy Code. Two subsequent lessons cover (a) defenses and (b) the application of fraudulent transfer law to Leveraged Buyouts (LBOs).

The lesson covers the remedies, defenses, and limitations under the 2014 Uniform Voidable Transactions Act (a slightly amended Uniform Fraudulent Transfers Act) and sections 548 and 550 of the Bankruptcy Code. A previous lesson covered the types of fraudulent or voidable transfers generally. A subsequent third lesson covers the application of fraudulent transfer law to Leveraged Buyouts (LBOs).

The is the third lesson on voidable or fraudulent transfers under the 2014 Uniform Voidable Transactions Act (a slightly amended Uniform Fraudulent Transfers Act) and section 548 of the Bankruptcy Code. This lesson deals with applications in leveraged buyouts (LBOs). The previous two lessons covered (I) the types of transactions that are voidable; and (II) remedies and defenses.

This is an introduction to Securities Act Rules 164 and 433 and the requirements for free-writing prospectuses under Rule 433. Before taking this lesson, students should have a basic understanding of the registration requirement of the Securities Act of 1933, especially the restrictions in section 5 of that Act. The lesson provides links to the relevant statutory and regulatory provisions, but you might find it helpful to have your own copy of the Securities Act and Securities Act Rules 164 and 433.

This lesson will cover the Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine, its application, and its three exceptions.

This lesson offers an introduction to the doctrine of functionality, which operates as a defense prohibiting anyone from claiming an exclusive right in functional shapes, elements, or aspects of a product or product packaging. The protectability or registrability of a trademark depends on a factual determination of a design's functionality. The functionality doctrine attempts to weigh the public and private interest in copying design features against a trademark owner's inherently anticompetitive objective to avoid consumer confusion.

This lesson serves as background and foundation for other lessons on damages for harms to personal property. It deals with general principles and basic measures of damages recoverable for harms to personal property.

Because copyright creates ownership rights in original expression, the private property interests of copyright owners sometimes come into conflict with the public's interest in disseminating knowledge, expressing ideas, or simply enjoying, sharing, and building upon the protected expression. This lesson introduces the basic concept of fair use in copyright law, and offers numerous examples to test the student's ability to apply the balancing test of 17 U.S.C. § 107.

This program takes the student through the basics of a particular area of trademark law — the geographic scope of trademark protection. It includes the general common law principles as enunciated in early Supreme Court cases (Hanover, Rectanus) as well as zone of natural expansion. The program also contains complete coverage of Lanham Act principles including constructive notice, constructive use, section 33 and the limited area defense, concurrent use, and the need for confusion (Dawn Donut).

Over the last century, the administrative bureaucracy has grown dramatically in size and influence. In this lesson, we examine some of the reasons for that growth. This lesson is intended for students who have studied these issues in class, and who wish to refine and enhance their knowledge.

This exercise is designed to introduce students to the broad range of exceptions available under the Federal Rules of Evidence. Using hypothetical fact situations, students are asked to assume the role of the judge and to rule on the applicability of Federal Rules of Evidence 803 and 804. The exercise requires students to know the proper application of each exception and to also understand the reason underlying each exception to the federal rules.

This lesson deals with the definition of hearsay under the Federal Rules of Evidence. It is a self-contained exercise that requires no prior knowledge or reference to outside material. It can be used as preparation before the topic of hearsay has been reached in the classroom, or as review after hearsay has been covered in class.

This exercise is based on a simulated trial in which the user is asked to rule on hearsay objections and to give reasons for the rulings.

This lesson provides a basic history of equitable remedies. The student need not have read any particular materials or taken any particular law school courses in order to complete the tutorial. It can be used to provide background in courses where equity is especially relevant or to review the history of equity for use in a remedies course.

The lesson reviews the historical development of the federal laws governing wetlands, including regulatory laws and the laws that provide incentives for preservation of wetlands, and the federal agencies that are involved in administering those laws.

In this lesson, we examine the hybrid rulemaking process. In other words, we examine rules that are not created through the formal rulemaking process (as that process is defined in the federal Administrative Procedure Act (APA)), or by a strictly informal process (again, as defined by the APA), but by a process that is somewhere between formal and informal processes. The lesson is intended for students who have studied these issues in class, and who wish to further refine their knowledge.

This lesson examines identification procedures in criminal cases through a short exploration of problems that can arise in making an identification, a primer on basic constitutional rules and the problem of suggestiveness, and a simple criminal case in which you act as an investigator and see the legal consequences of choosing different identification procedures.

This exercise begins with a transcript of the direct examination of a government witness in a criminal action. The direct examination will be followed by a crossexamination, and the student is asked to rule on objections to impeachment questions by the crossexaminer. The lesson focuses on permissible and impermissible impeachment concepts under the Federal Rules of Evidence. The exercise was composed under a grant from the Federal Judicial Center as part of its training program for incoming federal judges.

This lesson is intended for students who have studied equity and, in particular, in personam remedies in class, and who wish to obtain a further and deeper understanding of the topic.

This lesson teaches about the concept of incontestability: what it is, and what benefits it confers on trademark owners. This lesson can be used either for teaching the subject or for review.

This lesson examines the "informal" rulemaking process. Under the Administrative Procedure Act, this type of rulemaking is also called "notice and comment" rulemaking. In this lesson, we examine the procedural steps that an administrative agency must follow in order to create a valid "informal" rule. This lesson is intended for students who have studied these issues in class and wish to further refine their knowledge.

This lesson covers one type of patent infringement involving activity beyond the borders of the United States. In particular, what constitutes infringement under 271(f)(1) and (f)(2) is addressed, including the US Supreme Court decision, AT&T v. Microsoft.

Students may use this lesson to review material already covered in a course, or to learn this material on their own. Students should at least have prior knowledge and understanding of direct and indirect infringement under 271(a)-(c).

This lesson concerns the initial ownership of trademarks. It does not address the assignment or licensing of trademarks, nor the transfer of trademark registrations. This lesson is intended as a review of material covered in the trademark law course.

This lesson focuses on injunctions against litigation. This issue arises in several different contexts, including intra-jurisdictional state court injunctions, state court injunctions against litigation in other states, state court injunctions against federal litigation, and federal court injunctions against state litigation. The lesson is intended for students who have studied these topics in class and wish to refine and enhance their knowledge.

This lesson focuses on issues relating to injunctions against speech. It is designed for students who have studied these issues in class, and who have a strong working knowledge of the material, but who wish to further refine and develop their understanding.

This is the second lesson involving injunctions against speech. The first lesson focused on various aspects of injunctions against speech including injunctions against defamation, obscenity and related to national security. In this lesson, we focus on some issues that arise in relation to injunctions against civil rights demonstrations including abortion and civil rights protests. Much of the law that governs these issues is basic constitutional law.

This is the third in a series of lessons on injunctions against speech. This lesson focuses on injunctions against invasions of privacy. The lesson is intended for students who have studied this material in class and who seek to refine their knowledge.

This lesson focuses on problems related to injunctions against crimes and against criminal prosecutions. The lesson is intended for students who have studied the topic in class and seek to expand and refine their knowledge of the topic.

This lesson introduces you to the rules governing the award of injunctive relief in actions for trademark infringement. In trademark infringement cases, the harm or loss suffered by a plaintiff is often difficult to prove because of the lack of evidence of a causal connection between the harm and the defendant's wrongful conduct. To account for this evidentiary shortfall, the judicial preference in awarding relief in trademark infringement cases is injunctive relief. Despite this judicial preference, monetary remedies remain available for trademark infringement.

This lesson is one of a series on the topic of "Compensatory Damages." This particular lesson explores the differences among each of the three main types of legally-protected "interests" most commonly involved in any damages case: the expectation interest, the reliance interest, and the restitution interest. It is designed as an "Introduction" to the basic distinctions among each of these different interests, as well as a practical guide to determining when one interest should be asserted instead of another.

This lesson discusses 49 U.S.C. sec. 46504, providing for civil and criminal penalties for passengers who intimidate pilots or flight attendants.

This is an introduction to researching the law relating to intergovernmental and non-governmental agencies. IGOs and NGOs have significant input into international law and finding their resources can be integral to researching international law.

International environmental law covers many subjects. For the most part, however, international agreements on environmental subjects, such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES) must be implemented through the domestic law of signatory countries. For example, the United States implements CITES through the federal Endangered Species Act.

This program explores the Uniform Probate Code rules for interpreting wills where devisees die before the testator or there are changes in the nature or extent of the estate property. Survival, lapse and antilapse and statements of contrary intent are explored at some length along with ademption, increase and advancements of bequests.

This lesson is designed to introduce students to three different ways that "representation" can be defined under the intestacy system.

This exercise introduces users to the Uniform Probate Code scheme of intestate succession. It explores the application of the Code (as amended in 2008) to various hypothetical situations and gives feedback to the student utilizing the applicable Code provisions. The program examines the inheritance rights of descendants, ancestors and collateral heirs and looks to subsidiary problems of inheritance such as the rights of posthumous heirs, adopted heirs, illegitimate children, and the slayer of the decedent. The requirement of survivorship is also explored.

This exercise begins with some general background questions to help students place administrative agencies within the greater Constitutional scheme. These questions also address the various powers agencies wield, and the ways they are created. Then the exercise examines sources that offer specific details on individual agencies; it goes on to briefly discuss procedural rules, policy statements, and the process of promulgating regulations.

This lesson provides an introduction to accounting, which should be valuable for students taking business associations, corporations, and other transactional courses. It covers the basic understanding of the balance sheet, income statement, and depreciation with an eye to using accounting information for valuation.

Learning Outcomes

On completion of the lesson, the student will be able to:

This lesson presents the basics of administrative law for students taking Environmental Law or Natural Resources Law who have not taken Administrative Law.

This lesson introduces the student to agency relationships and explores the following questions: Why are agency relationships formed? Who are the parties to an agency relationship? What elements are required to form an agency relationship? and What are the consequences of forming an agency relationship?

This lesson will introduce you to researching foreign law.

This lesson will introduce American environmental law students to general principles of international law, with some examples of how such principles create and influence international environmental law.

This series of three tutorials leads students through nine problems involving the taxation of partners and partnerships. The tutorials will be most useful when students have prepared the problems before turning on the computer. After having completed the tutorials, students should have a good understanding of the basic tax rules for partnerships.

This lesson will provide students with an introduction to the federal regulation of proxy solicitation.

The purpose of this lesson is to serve as an introduction to the rapidly growing area of trade dress law. Several new developments have occurred in this area of the law just in the past five years. Most of these developments deal with the correct balance between protecting the freedom of competitors to copy packaging or design features on the one hand and protecting the appearance or physical features of a product when these packaging or design features operate as indications of source on the other.

This lesson is an introduction to patent issues under TRIPS, an important international agreement that impacts the national patent laws of all member countries of the World Trade Organization. This includes over 170 countries, including not only industrialized countries, but all developing and least developed countries. Because TRIPS imposes restrictions on national law in all countries, understanding TRIPS is important to understanding what changes to patent law is possible - in the United States and beyond.

This lesson is intended for students who have studied irreparable injury in class, and want to expand and refine their knowledge.

This lesson focuses on basic concepts and terminology and addresses issues contained in what are called the legal capital provisions of corporate codes. You will encounter equity capitalization, par value, capital, capital surplus and earned surplus accounts in a balance sheet.

This is the third part of five related lessons concerning the issuance of securities by a corporation.

This is the fourth part of five related lessons concerning the issuance of securities by a corporation. This lesson deals with the amount of consideration used to pay for equity securities.

This lesson is the FINAL lesson in a FIVE part series dealing with the ways a corporation is financed, that is, the ways in which a company raises money to pay for its ongoing operations. BEFORE beginning this lesson, you should have completed ALL of the previous lessons and have mastered the concepts introduced in each of the previous lessons. This lesson builds on those earlier lessons. The FIRST lesson in the series is called Types of Securities, Corp27.

The goal of this program is to teach a substantial amount of Article 2 through the study of a single case. This exercise begins with a warranty case, ITT v. LTX.

This lesson explores the concept of a "joint work" in copyright law, including the legal standards which determine whether a work has been jointly authored as well as the legal consequences that attach to this characterization.

These questions review the materials covered in Chapter Two of the textbook Judicial Ethics and Conduct, available from CALI's eLangdell website. The subject matter covered includes: Maintaining the Independence and Impartiality of the Judiciary.

These questions review the materials covered in Chapter Three of the textbook Judicial Ethics and Conduct, available from CALI's eLangdell website.

These questions review the materials covered in Chapter Four of the textbook Judicial Ethics and Conduct, available from CALI's eLangdell website. The subject matter covered include ex parte subject matter.

These questions review the materials covered in Chapter Five of the textbook Judicial Ethics and Conduct, available from CALI's eLangdell website. The subject matter covered includes disqualification / recusal.

These questions review the materials covered in Chapter Six of the textbook Judicial Ethics and Conduct, available from CALI's eLangdell website. The subject matter covered includes: judges' extrajudicial activities and campaigns for judicial office.

This lesson discusses judicial review of director's conflicting interest transactions under subchapter F of chapter 8 of the revised Model Business Corporation Act. The definition of "director's conflicting interest transaction" is not discussed; that is dealt with in a companion lesson, What is a Director's Conflicting Interest Transaction? The two lessons may be done in either order.

In this lesson, we explore issues relating to judicial review of an agency's issuance of a "legislative" rule -- a rule issued as a result of the federal Administrative Procedure Act's rulemaking procedures.

This lesson covers the "cybersquatting" provisions of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. sec. 1125(d), which grant a cause of action to trademark owners against persons who, with a bad faith intent to profit, register, traffic in, or use domain names that infringe the rights of those trademark owners.

Through a simulated counseling session with a prospective law student, this lesson reviews the types of admission to practice, and the procedures and substantive standards for admission to practice. The lesson can be used as preparation, review or substitution for class coverage of this topic.

Ordinarily, when an agent acts on behalf of a principal the legal rights of the principal are affected, but the agent is not personally liable to third persons with whom he or she has dealt. This lesson looks at those somewhat unusual situations where the agent may be personally liable to third persons.

One of the difficult common law issues in defamation was the distinction between libel and slander. This lesson explains the differences between the two types of defamatory statements. Material is provided on the damage requirements of both. This lesson is part of a series about defamation. One should review the lesson on Basic Issues in Defamation and Privileges before working with this exercise. After finishing this one, the exercise on Constitutional Issues in Defamation should be covered.

Likelihood of confusion is a core concept in trademark law. This lesson is designed to teach the basics of confusion, as well as some more advanced aspects of the topic. It requires students to work through the multifactor analysis used by courts with specific problems. It also includes a discussion of the different forms of confusion.

This lesson follows the Distribution Right lesson, CPY16. This lesson can best be characterized as the Limitation on the Distribution Right.

This lesson defines and applies the concept of literal infringement in patent law. It also examines the process through which the patentee establishes literal infringement.

This lesson introduces the student to the management and financial rights of partners of an ongoing partnership. Other lessons cover the information and indemnification rights of partners and the rights of partners during the process of dissolving a partnership. Before starting this lesson, students should have completed the basic lessons on partnership formation.

This is an introduction to some of the legal aspects of the husband-wife relationship, including property and support obligations along with a number of issues involving the marital status

This lesson addresses the formal and substantive regulations imposed on the right to marry. The lesson discusses the difference between annulment and divorce and compares void and voidable marriages. The putative spouse doctrine and the marriage presumption are also covered. This lesson assumes prior coverage of this material in class and is designed to help you review theses concepts. If you want to study the constitutional aspects of substantive regulations of marriage in more depth, see the CALI Lessons, Constitutional Aspects of Family Law and Same Sex Relationships.

This lesson examines the process of incorporation by allowing students to explore some typical articles of incorporation by clicking on hot spots. The lesson provides a guided tour through the various provisions of the articles of incorporation. The lesson also looks at what happens when the incorporation process is not carried out correctly.

This lesson covers researching medical information. It emphasizes resources that are publicly available free of charge.

This lesson reviews Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), one of the most well known and important cases ever decided by the United States Supreme Court.

This lesson is the second lesson reviewing Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). This lesson explores issues relating to the assertions by a suspect of the rights provided by Miranda--the right to silence and the right to an attorney prior to questioning; the application of the exclusionary rule to violations of Miranda; and exceptions to and limits on the Miranda rule.

This is an introduction to the black-letter rules of the Model Rules of Professional Conduct. It is a linear question-and-answer drill. Students are asked short questions and given immediate feedback. This drill is intended to serve as preparation for the level II exercise, Questions and Problems, described below. (This exercise is a new exercise that is completely different from the drill exercise offered in previous years. The earlier drill exercise has been revised and is being offered as the Questions and Problems exercise, below.)

This lesson presents students with hypothetical factual situations and asks whether certain conduct would violate the Code. The is a branching tutorial and includes follow-up questions, dialogue, and new questions based upon changes in the original hypotheticals.

This lesson can serve either as an introduction to modification or as a review that reinforces and tests your understanding of this subject. Before beginning the lesson, you should be familiar with the general law of alimony and child support. The CALI lessons on Alimony and Child Support can help.

This lesson focuses on the problem of modifying injunctions. As we shall see, even though an injunction is labeled as "permanent," it is subject to modification or alteration. Indeed, some injunctions, even some far reaching ones, are not intended to last forever. In this lesson, we examine the standards and criteria by which courts decide whether to terminate or modify existing injunctions. This lesson is intended for students who have studied these issues in class, and wish to refine and enhance their knowledge.

This lesson lays the foundation for the advanced study of mortgages and financing that is based on the security of mortgage, mortgage variants, and mortgage substitutes.

This lesson can be used to introduce you to the benefits of being a holder in due course or to reinforce your knowledge if you have already received an introduction elsewhere.

It is suggested that you complete the lesson, "What is a Negotiable Instrument" before doing this lesson.

This exercise reviews the basic structure and requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act, the first major federal environmental law.

The New Ranch lesson is the successor to the Ranch lesson. As with the Ranch, the New Ranch lesson leads students through the steps necessary to perfecting a security interest under Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) in a multi-state contact situation. The exercise also assists students to understand many other provisions of Article 9, including those dealing with classification of collateral and those governing the place of filing within a particular state.

This lesson covers emerging issues of assisted reproduction technologies. Most specifically, it explores issues of parental rights on both a constitutional and state level. Topics covered include artificial insemination, surrogacy, and the status of un-implanted pre-embryos when the parties disagree about implantation. It does not cover post-partum conception. The lesson includes the issue of lesbian partners when one provides the egg and the other is the gestational mother but it does not cover other issues of lesbian parenthood.

This lesson covers the availability of non-economic damages; evidentiary issues in proving these damages; and issues in the argument to the jury of these damages. This lesson gives you an opportunity to explore the "how to" of non-economic damages, particularly damages for pain and suffering and mental or emotional distress. The lesson is designed for upper-level students in remedies, advanced torts, or trial practice courses. Students should have some basic knowledge of both tort law and evidence law. First-year students may find the lesson accessible by making use of the pop-up screens providing background on concepts and rules.

This lesson focuses on one of the factual inquiries underlying the legal determination of nonobviousness: the scope and content of the prior art. It assumes that you are familiar with the patentability requirement of novelty under the pre-AIA version of 35 U.S.C. § 102 and with the basic framework of the obviousness analysis. If you would like a review of the basic framework for determining obviousness, you may want to do the lesson on "Basic Concepts of Nonobviousness" before you complete this lesson. After completing this lesson you should have a better understanding of how to determine the scope and content of the prior art so as to assess obviousness.

This lesson works through the details of patent law's novelty requirement as set out in the pre-AIA version of Section 102(a) of the Patent Act. It also briefly covers the pre-AIA version of Section 102(e) as well as the concept of inventorship. It does not deal with the statutory bars of pre-AIA Section 102(b).

This lesson can serve as an introduction or review of the way in which "secondary considerations" are used in assessing the nonobviousness requirement in patent law. The lesson assumes a basic familiarity with the nonobviousness doctrine. Before doing this lesson, students may wish to review the lesson dealing with Basic Concepts of Nonobviousness. Other aspects of the nonobviousness doctrine are covered in the lesson dealing with Scope and Content of the Prior Art. Students may do this lesson either before or after that lesson.

In addition to the limitations imposed upon interrogations by Miranda, the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and the Sixth Amendment right to counsel also constrain law enforcement authority in the interrogation context. This lesson will discuss those additional constitutional limitations. Although it isn't necessary to have mastered the Miranda limitations at this point, some familiarity with those standards will be helpful.

This lesson is an analytical guide to the study of two major aspects of evidence: relevance and hearsay. The vehicle used by this guide is a step by step, nine question analysis, applicable to any admissibility of evidence problem. This lesson should help one determine whether any item of evidence is admissible under the rules of evidence pertaining to relevance and hearsay. The answers to the first four questions determine whether any item of proffered evidence is admissible under the two components of relevancy: logical and legal relevancy.

This lesson reviews the threshold principles of ownership by analyzing the "works made for hire" doctrine codified in the Copyright Act of 1976.

A hundred years ago, a law professor said of the parol evidence rule, "There are few things darker than this or fuller of subtle difficulties." Many students and professionals who have studied the rule would agree with that assessment. Hopefully this exercise will illuminate the rule. It does so by examining the functions served by the rule, taking the user through a series of questions that can be used to resolve most issues involving the application of the rule. The Uniform Commercial Code enactment of the rule is examined in detail.

This lesson deals with the dissociation of partners under the Revised Uniform Partnership Act (RUPA). It discusses the events that result in dissociation under Section 601 of the RUPA, whether dissociation is wrongful or not, and touches on the consequences of wrongful dissociation.

This lesson discusses the causes of dissolution of partnerships and the Article 7 buyout right under the Revised Uniform Partnership Act (RUPA). It also discusses the liability of a dissociated partner for partnership obligations and the liability of the partnership for the post-dissociation actions of the partner.

This is an introduction to the sharing of profits and losses by partners in a general partnership. The lesson has three parts: (1) a general introduction to the default rules concerning how partners share profits and losses; (2) a discussion of partnership accounts; and (3) a discussion of the distribution rules applicable when a partnership is dissolved and its business is wound up.

This lesson covers the kinds of inventions that can be patented. The first section discusses how the Constitution and the federal Patent Act (specifically Section 101) define and limit those categories of innovations, including the open issues in that on-going debate. The second section offers a variety of problems ranging from the straight-forward to the more complex, permitting confirmation of understanding and practice in application.

This is a lesson for reviewing the emerging rights of the nonmarital child and the nonmarital father.

This lesson provides both a theoretical and practical overview of the piercing the corporate veil doctrine and related theories for imposing the obligations of corporations on other legal actors such as shareholders or related corporate entities.

In this lesson, you will review both the theory and the application of the plain view doctrine.

This lesson examines the so-called "plain view" exception to the warrant requirement. Even though the Fourth Amendment contains a warrant requirement, the United States Supreme Court has recognized numerous exceptions to that requirement, including the plain view exception. This lesson is intended for students who have studied this issue in class and wish to refine their knowledge.

These two exercises are offered to familiarize students with what prosecuting and defense attorneys do from the time an investigation begins until trial preparation and why they do it. Special attention is given to correspondence, pleadings, and the guilty plea. The framework for both exercises is federal practice.

This lesson examines the public policy objectives driving and defining United States patent law. The first section explores the nature and logic of the regime's generally accepted core purpose - providing optimum incentives to invest in useful arts innovation. The next section discusses how that goal generates the basic doctrinal requirements for patentability (novelty, nonobviousness, utility, enablement/disclosure - patentable subject matter is covered separately in lessons on Patentable Subject Matter and Non-Obviousness). The lesson's final section concludes with a brief look at how other normative views of property entitlements affect patent public policy debate as well as client expectations.

This lesson is a companion tutorial to the CALI lesson "Recovery of Attorney's Fees." This lesson reviews the policy debate over the American Rule vs. the English Rule. In this lesson, you can judge a debate regarding which approach to attorney's fees rules is better policy.

This lesson presents an introduction to the doctrine that the performance of a pre-existing duty, or a promise to perform such a duty, does not constitute a sufficient consideration to make a promise binding. Through questions based on a series of hypothetical cases, underlying reasons for the doctrine are considered, as well as its ramifications in various contexts. Coverage includes: the performance of duties owed to the promise or third parties as consideration; modifications on one side of executory contracts; substituted contracts following rescission; executory accords; satisfaction; liquidated claims and offers to settle unliquidated claims.

These two exercises are offered to familiarize students with what prosecuting and defense attorneys do from the time an investigation begins until trial preparation and why they do it. Special attention is given to correspondence, pleadings, and the guilty plea. The framework for both exercises is federal practice.

Articles II through X of the Federal Rules set out substantive evidentiary tests and standards. However, a student's understanding of those tests and standards is incomplete unless the student appreciates the procedural framework within which those provisions operate. Federal Rules 104(a) and 104(b) are the fulcrum of that framework. Those subdivisions codify the distinction between competence and conditional relevance issues.

This lesson deals with the requirements for preliminary injunctive relief, and includes both temporary injunctions and temporary restraining orders. It is designed for students who have already studied this material in class, and desire to refine their understanding of the matter by applying it in various contexts.

This lesson explores premarital agreements, also known as antenuptial or prenuptial agreements. This lesson assumes you already have a basic understanding of premarital agreements.

This lesson focuses on the presidential power to appoint executive branch officials. It focuses on the scope of the presidential power, congressionally imposed limits on that power, and potential infringements of the power by Congress and the judiciary. This lesson is intended for students who have studied these issues in class, and who wish to further refine their knowledge.

This lesson is an introduction to the principles governing copyright infringement. After completing this lesson, you will be familiar with the standard used to determine liability for copyright infringement. Specifically, the lesson will introduce the elements necessary to support a claim of copyright infringement, which include assessments of copying, access, probative resemblance, striking similarity, improper appropriation, and substantial similarity.

The purpose of this lesson is to guide students who are not experienced in researching private international law. After providing some background on the definition and sources of private international law, this lesson will suggest the initial and follow-up steps that a researcher of a typical issue related to private international law generally should take.

The requirement of "probable cause" is an integral part of the Fourth Amendment. The Amendment specifically provides that a warrant may not issue except on probable cause. In addition, some exceptions to the warrant requirement necessitate a finding of probable cause. This lesson examines the concept of probable cause under the Fourth Amendment. This lesson is intended for students who have studied the concept of probable cause in class and wish to refine their knowledge and understanding.

This lesson reviews the concept of probable cause as defined and applied by the United States Supreme Court.

This tutorial will provide an overview of the regulation of commercial dog breeders pursuant to the Animal Welfare Act. This lesson is a beginner level tutorial.

This is the first of two advanced lessons on real estate purchase options. In so doing, the lesson covers their contract nature of options and their uses.

This is the second of two lessons about real estate purchase options. This lesson explains the problems in using purchase options that arise when the subject of the option is real estate.

This lesson provides an introduction to the doctrine of ratification. The lesson will cover what ratification is, why the doctrine developed, what acts can be ratified, who can ratify, how ratification occurs, and what are the legal effects of ratification. The lesson will also introduce you (or reintroduce you) to the related doctrine of adoption.

This is an overview of the ways in which wastes become designated as "hazardous wastes" under the federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), emphasizing the EPA's regulations governing RCRA hazardous wastes. Students should complete the CALI lesson on RCRA "Solid Wastes" before completing this lesson.

This short lesson explores the definition of "solid waste" for RCRA purposes. The lesson does not require any prior knowledge of RCRA, but it can also serve as a review of RCRA's primary trigger after that topic has been covered in an Environmental Law or Hazardous Waste course.

This lesson will introduce you to real estate brokers and familiarize you with: 1) the traditional relationship between real estate brokers and the parties to real estate transactions; 2) the duties that arise from that relationship; and 3) the effects of the breach of that duty.